التغلغل الألماني في الدولة العثمانية (1876- 1914)

Abstract

This study examines German-Ottoman relations between 1876 and 1914. It explores the German presence in the Ottoman Empire and its provinces, examining the reasons for this presence, its orientations, and its impact on Ottoman policy. The weakness of the Ottoman Empire presented a new dimension to the Eastern Question, with European powers vying for influence. The absence of a unified Germany temporarily prevented the Germans from being active participants in the Eastern Question, as their interests in the East were primarily focused on religious, scientific, and missionary endeavors rather than colonial ambitions aimed at state-building and consolidating their position on the European continent. However, after German unification in 1871, German policy within the Ottoman Empire became a vital area of ​​activity, a phenomenon historically known as the German Orientation. German strategy focused primarily on economic interests and projects.

The study aims to understand the state of the Ottoman Empire, the reasons for German penetration, its motivations, and its manifestations within the empire.  The study reached a set of conclusions that confirmed that the accession of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1842-1918) to the throne coincided with special circumstances, as the Ottoman state was experiencing difficult conditions both internally and externally, so the Sultan was forced to forge good relations with Germany, which in turn sought to strengthen friendly relations with Sultan Abdul Hamid II.